Positive-strand RNA virus

Positive-strand RNA virus
	Hepatitis C virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Kingdom: Phylum: Class
	Orthornavirae Kitrinoviricota; Lenarviricota; Pisuviricota Pisoniviricetes; Stelpaviricetes; ; ;
Synonyms
	Positive-sense RNA virus;

Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome.

Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota (specifically classes Pisoniviricetes and Stelpavirictes) all of which are in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria.^[1] They are monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classification system, +ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV.^[2]

Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogens such as the Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses,^[3] as well as less clinically serious pathogens such as the coronaviruses and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold.^[4]^[5]^[6]

^ "Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV". ictv.global. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ Baltimore D (September 1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological Reviews. 35 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1128/MMBR.35.3.235-241.1971. PMC 378387. PMID 4329869.
^ Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. (February 2020). "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding". Lancet. 395 (10224): 565–574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. PMC 7159086. PMID 32007145.
^ Nagy PD, Pogany J (December 2011). "The dependence of viral RNA replication on co-opted host factors". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 10 (2): 137–49. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2692. PMC 7097227. PMID 22183253.
^ Ahlquist P, Noueiry AO, Lee WM, Kushner DB, Dye BT (August 2003). "Host factors in positive-strand RNA virus genome replication". Journal of Virology. 77 (15): 8181–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003. PMC 165243. PMID 12857886.
^ Modrow S, Falke D, Truyen U, Schätzl H (2013). "Viruses with Single-Stranded, Positive-Sense RNA Genomes". Molecular Virology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 185–349. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_14. ISBN 978-3-642-20718-1. S2CID 82608215.

[1] "Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV". ictv.global. Retrieved 3 April 2023.

[2] Baltimore D (September 1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological Reviews. 35 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1128/MMBR.35.3.235-241.1971. PMC 378387. PMID 4329869.

[lu_2020-3] Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. (February 2020). "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding". Lancet. 395 (10224): 565–574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. PMC 7159086. PMID 32007145.

[Nagy11-4] Nagy PD, Pogany J (December 2011). "The dependence of viral RNA replication on co-opted host factors". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 10 (2): 137–49. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2692. PMC 7097227. PMID 22183253.

[ahlquist_2003-5] Ahlquist P, Noueiry AO, Lee WM, Kushner DB, Dye BT (August 2003). "Host factors in positive-strand RNA virus genome replication". Journal of Virology. 77 (15): 8181–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003. PMC 165243. PMID 12857886.

[Modrow13-6] Modrow S, Falke D, Truyen U, Schätzl H (2013). "Viruses with Single-Stranded, Positive-Sense RNA Genomes". Molecular Virology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 185–349. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_14. ISBN 978-3-642-20718-1. S2CID 82608215.

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